Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterised by a variable pattern of attention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that interferes with functioning or development. ADHD is commonly diagnosed in children, but it can also persist into adulthood. The characteristics are typically categorised into two main types: inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive, or a combination of both.
Characteristics of ADHD
Challenges with Focus and Attention:
- Difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or play activities
- Frequent mistakes in schoolwork or other activities
- Seems not to listen when spoken to directly
- Fails to follow through on instructions and fails to finish tasks
- Difficulty organising tasks and activities
- Avoids or dislikes tasks that require sustained mental effort
- Often loses things necessary for tasks and activities
- Easily distracted by extraneous stimuli
- Forgetful in daily activities
Hyperactivity-Impulsivity:
- Fidgets with or taps hands or feet, or squirms in seat
- Leaves seat in situations where remaining seated is expected
- Unable to play or engage in leisure activities quietly
- “On the go” acting as if “driven by a motor”
- Talks excessively
- Blurts out an answer before a question has been completed
- Difficulty waiting their turn
- Interrupts or intrudes on others
Causes
The exact cause of ADHD is not fully understood, but it is believed to be a combination of genetic, environmental, and neurological factors:
- Genetics: ADHD tends to run in families.
- Brain Structure and Function: Differences in the brain’s anatomy and functionality, namely with the neurotransmitters dopamine and noradrenaline.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of ADHD involves a comprehensive evaluation, often including:
- Clinical interviews with the child, parents, and teachers
- Behaviour rating scales and checklists
- Psychological testing
- Medical examination to rule out other causes
Supporting People with ADHD
Treatment for ADHD typically involves a combination of:
- Medications: Stimulants (e.g., methylphenidate, amphetamines) are commonly prescribed. Non-stimulant medications (e.g., atomoxetine) may also be used.
- Behavioural Therapy: Helps in developing coping strategies and organisational skills.
- Educational Interventions: Special accommodations in school to support learning.
- Lifestyle Changes: Regular physical activity, a healthy diet, and sufficient sleep.
Management
Managing ADHD often requires ongoing support and adjustments, including regular follow-ups with healthcare providers, involving family members in treatment plans, and continuous communication with educators to ensure appropriate academic support.
Understanding ADHD and its impacts can help in creating supportive environments that enable individuals with ADHD to thrive in their daily lives.
